Should Smoking Be Harmful - 882 Words

There are a lot of people that smoke, the Percentage in America is 17.4%. Even though the percentage is decreasing it is pretty high for something that is deadly. There are poster ads, flyers and TV adds saying to stop smoking or learn how to quit smoking because it can cause Colds, Wheezing, Coughs and asthma as well and that is only the start of smoking. Smoking can be extremely harmful diseases such as lung cancer. 84% of deaths cause by lung cancer comes from smoking cigarettes. Smoking does not help you in any way, it affects your body,. But do people listen to adds they see, not necessarily when they find out that its affecting there bodies. It is an addiction for people and it gets difficult for most because they have been smoking for years. Most people don’t realize that smoking can affect the people around them, for example family members and friends. They are a bad influence to the world because little kids see people smoking and they get curios and want to try it. Most people don’t realize how dangerous second hand smoking is till you watch people go through it or you go through it yourself. There is this Add that comes out in TV and it really caught my attention. Let me explain more about the video add that I came across too. It starts off, as the â€Å"SMOKING KID† as the tittle to the add, Then it shows a few people smoking cigarettes, the theme music was sad and the lightening to the video is very dull. With those affects you are thinking that it’s a sadShow MoreRelatedShould Cigarette Smoking Be Harmful?943 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is growing popular for both the old and the young; it’s a habit which is very unhealthy that increases person chances of lung damage. The smoke from the cigarette enhances the possibility of damaging everybody lungs around you that is called second hand smoke, which kill more people a year than the actual cigarette smoking. While cigarette smoking is harmful to your health, the E-cigarettes have little to no harm on the changes of developing lung cancer or other health issues. Smoking cigarettesRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Harmful Effects On Individuals And The Economy1498 Words   |  6 Pages Smoking- A Costly and Deadly Habit One of the most common problems today that are killing people all over the world is smoking. Stress, personal issues, and high blood pressure are many reasons why people start this horrible habit. One cigarette leads to another which then can lead to major addiction. When someone smokes a cigarette they are not only hurting themselves, but others around them. Smoking causes people to be exposed to hazardous fumes and chemicals in many places. The habit of smokingRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco . The nicotine in cigarettes is very addictiveRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1365 Words   |  6 PagesShould Cigarette Smoking be banned? The United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotineRead MoreBans on Smoking in Public Areas1476 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber by four, you get the number of people that die because of smoking each year! Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Each year more than 480,000 people die because of smoking. This is just one of the many reasons why I believe that cigarette smoking should be banned in public areas. I will argue this point in three ways. First, I will argue that the health effects of smoking are so harmful that cigarettes should not be all owed in public areas. Next, I will argue that the negativeRead MoreHarmful Effects of Smoking1418 Words   |  6 PagesHarmful effects of smoking Doan Thi Huong Thao BAIU08155 International University HCMC Academic English 2 Bien Thi Thanh Mai Instructor May 17, 2010 Abstract Smoking is known to be a primary cause of harmful effects on health, family, environment and society. However, scientist research in health and environment, that researches show that smoking cause many diseases, even lung cancer. An aim of my study has been to determine that smoking also effect on family and society. Results indicatedRead MorePersuasive Essay Smoking995 Words   |  4 Pages Over the past years, the number of smokers has been on the rise. In today’s society, they are given the tools to be aware of harmful it can be, yet they still chose to do it. Smoking is a force of habit, it is a choice a person makes either to participate or not but it becomes outrageously addictive. The person choosing to smoke may not realize that they are not just harming themselves but they are also harming the ones surrounded by them. It has a negative effect on the people around the smokerRead MoreThe Dangers Of Public Smoking932 Words   |  4 PagesPublic smoking is being al lowed to smoke in places that involve the community. Some places have smoking bans because of the problems it can cause. I think people should not be able to smoke in public places because it affects other people’s health, it pollutes the earth, it could have a bad influence on people, and it has an unpleasant smell. Cigarettes does not only affect the person smoking, it can affect the people around them also. Cigarettes contain a lot of chemicals that are harmful to humans:Read MoreEssay on Marijuana vs. Cigarettes1012 Words   |  5 PagesCigarettes are a mixture of the most dangerous substances for humans to consume and yet they are legal and mass produced so that everyone can smoke them. Marijuana on the other hand is nowhere nearly as harmful as cigarettes but is illegal and looked at as if it were far worse than cigarettes. It is long overdue that society recognizes the fact that marijuana is better for people than cigarettes by a mile. Cigarettes are extremely more addictive than marijuana, the usage patterns for marijuana cannotRead MorePublic Awareness of Smoking and Tobacco663 Words   |  3 Pageshazards of smoking is increasing, but it is still important to outline the main health problems that are associated with tobacco use. Tobacco smoking is apparently the most preventable c ause of death in the United States, (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). The specific hazards of smoking include damage to the lungs, heart, and brain (Smoking: Health Hazards, 2005). According to Martin (2008), There are approximately 4000 chemicals in cigarettes, hundreds of which are toxic. Cigarette smoking is addictive

Capital Budgeting Techniques Like Net Present Value

Introduction The following paper analyzes a project from financial perspectives using the capital budgeting techniques like Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Background My dad has a textile business, involved in embroidery and painting of the fabric. I have been visiting my dad’s office complex and observing the whole process of clothes manufacture. The most important asset for the business is a large machine required for whole painting process. The existing machine with the business is in use from past 4 years and has to be discarded due to some operational issues. As a student of finance, I will analyze the option of replacing this machine with a new one. In analyzing various options from where to purchase the machine, I searched for various dealers, and compared the products with the prices they offered. I narrowed down the choice to one machine provided by Stihl Machinery Co., Ltd. But then dad’s financial manager, Mr. David Jones, asked me to reconsider the option. He suggested that the existing machine can still run for another 5 years and the new machine is also expected to work for just five years. Also, the price of the new ma chine is quite high so it is better to continue using the same old machine. On this argument, I decided to do a detailed analysis of the option to replace the old machine. Only after the financial analysis, I will decide and suggest whether to buy the new machine or not. Analysis and results The financial manager didShow MoreRelatedFin 571 Week 41710 Words   |  7 Pagesgood for them and can provide competitive advantage to the store. It has been clear that managers are responsible for the use of capital budgeting techniques to find out exclusive project. We have different types of capital budgeting techniques. These capital budgeting techniques are: 1-Simple Payback, and/or Discounted Payback 2-Net Present Value (NPV) 3-Internal Rate Of Return (IRR) The simple payback period: â€Å"We can define the simple payback period as theRead MoreCapital Budgeting Strategies841 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Budgeting Strategies University of Phoenix Strategic Financial Management FIN 486 Capital Budgeting Strategies Week Four of Strategic Financial Management discusses the chosen provided information for the proposal that concerns building a new factory and includes the incremental cash flows needed for the net present value, (NPV) analysis. The incremental cash flows identifies sales of $3 million a year that equals an increase in gross margin of $150,000 given a 5% gross margin andRead MoreCapital Budget Recommendation: Guillermo Furniture1001 Words   |  5 PagesCapital Budget Recommendation: Guillermo Furniture ACC/543 Monday October 8, 2009 YouKnew Abstract Guillermo Navallez is the owner of a successful furniture and manufacturing company located in Sonora, Mexico. Navallez’s establishment is known for its quality pieces, crafting a variety of chairs and tables from the abundant supply of timber in the area. In the late 1990’s, Navallez competitors became a real threat to the ongoing success of Guillermo’s Furniture and Manufacturing CompanyRead MoreVarious techniques of capital budgeting1202 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Management Subject: Various techniques of capital budgeting Capital budgeting is the process in which the company plans whether to purchase or do investment in certain projects or long term assets such as new machinery, equipment, new products, research and development etc. There are many techniques which can be use make decision more easy and reliable. For all of these techniques company need the incremental cash flows which will be generate from the investment or the project. Then theseRead MoreUniform Annual Equivalent (Uae) - a Capital Budgeting Method.971 Words   |  4 Pages- A Capital Budgeting Method. (The evaluation of two mutually exclusive projects with varying lives requires careful examination of the existence of the reinvestment opportunities at the end of the different economic lives of the projects. The current article deals with a method that may be adopted in situations wherein the level of investments, the life of the projects and cash inflows (or outflows) are unequal.) Risk is inherent in almost every business decisions. Capital budgeting beingRead MoreSuper Project1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe Super Project The Super Project case mainly deals with the efficiency of project tool analysis in capital budgeting process. The three techniques that General Foods management used to determine whether Super Project was a worthwhile project were: †¢ Incremental basis †¢ Facilities-used basis †¢ Fully allocated facilities and costs basis The three techniques mentioned above will be discussed in more details in question 4 below. Questions: 1. What are the relevant cash flows for General FoodsRead MoreThe Factors Affecting Capital Budgeting7350 Words   |  29 PagesAbstract Capital budgeting is necessary for large, long term investment projects. However, determining what factors to use in the process can be difficult This research presents the most common procedures used in the capital budgeting process. It provides examples and discusses quantitative as well as qualitative factors in determining which projects to choose. Capital Budgeting Capital budgeting is a process used to determine whether long-term investments, such as capital improvements, researchRead MoreBudgeting and Forecasting 278 Midterm 20141600 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Budgeting and Forecasting 278 Midterm 2014 (TCO 1) The type of budget that is updated on a regular basis is known as a  _____.    Student Answer:   continuous budget      revised budget      updated budget      flexible budget TCO 2) The quantitative forecasting method that uses actual sales from recent time periods to predict future sales, assuming each period has equal influence on the prediction of future sales, is the  _____.    Student Answer:   moving average model      weighted moving averageRead MoreManagerial Economics in Coca Cola1185 Words   |  5 Pagescopital budgeting, which may be defined as decision making process by which organization evaluate the projects that include the purchase of major fixed assets such as machinary , building, and equipments. So there are two main catagories of selection of project, 1-Financial model 2-Non- financila model FINANCIAL METHODS: In financial maethod we determine the capital budget of the project. In capital budgeting following techniques are used, 1-Pay back period 2-Net present value 3-InternalRead MoreInternational Project Management1700 Words   |  7 Pagesagency role, project managers must ensure that the project is structured in such a way that it adds value to the company by delivering a positive return to the shareholders (Mahaney Lederer, 2003). This paper will outline some of the most important financial considerations that project managers should be aware of, and apply this knowledge real work project management practice. Budgeting The budgeting process is one of the most important for any project. The budget is critical to the projects internal

Alcohol Consumption Drosophila Melanogaster Free Essays

Alcohol consumption in sexually frustrated fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster Ankit Sharma April 8, 2013 BIO 534 Introduction The fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster show addiction-like behavior towards alcohol where the flies seem to be physiologically dependent on (Atkinson et. al. , 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Alcohol Consumption Drosophila Melanogaster or any similar topic only for you Order Now The flies can thus exhibit a cognitive dependence where such behavior is stored in memory and same behavior is also shown in the future. This addiction is linked to NPY neuropeptide levels which can be found in Drosophila where these neuropeptides serve as feeding stimulants (Shen et. al. , 2005). Alcohol consumption rate is higher when these NPY neuropeptide levels are suppressed (Wilcox, 2012). Thus, such factors are linked to the idea that fruit flies consume food that contains alcohol more than regular food, and such behavior increases over time (Devineni and Heberlein, 2009). Sexual frustration is also linked to increase in consumption of alcohol. Fruit flies consumed less alcohol when they were sexually satisfied because sex raised NPF levels and the flies consumed more alcohol when they were sexually frustrated because their NPF levels were suppressed (Azanchi et. l. , 2012). The purpose of the experiment is to determine if sexually frustrated male fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster resort to alcohol after being rejected by females. Thus, the experiment will determine if the number of sexually frustrated fruit flies will be higher where there is alcohol in the environment than non-sexually frustrated fruit flies. The hypothesis to be tested is null hypothesis. The null hypothesis states that sexual frustration has no effect on alcohol consumption by male fruit flies. Thus, there will not be a significantly higher number of rejected male fruit flies in an alcohol environment than non-sexually frustrated flies. Materials and Methods Two plastic cylindrical vials were used to place wingless wild type fruit flies. The vials contained same amount of medium for food. Both vials contained regular medium for food. The fruit flies were anesthesized and 40 males and 40 females were separated. 20 males were placed in a vial with 20 females that were decapitated by a razor blade. 20 separate males were placed in a different vial with 20 females. The experiment was conducted over a period of 4 days. Two more vials were made, both containing 21% alcohol on one half side of the medium which was the closest percentage available compared to 15% ethanol used in other experiments. The males with decapitated females were transferred to one of the vials with alcohol. The males with regular females were transferred to the other vial with alcohol. The number of flies present on alcohol and normal side of the medium was recorded in both vials for 20 minutes in 1 minute increments. Three trials were conducted. The mean numbers of fruit flies present on the two sides of both vials were calculated. The mean was calculated by the summation of the number of fruit flies in each sides of the vials and divided by 120. The null hypothesis was tested by conducting a two-tailed t-test. Results For all the number of fruit flies observed in the two vials (n=120) there was a significant difference in the number of fruit flies in the two vials in the (t=4. 87, df=118, p0. 0001). The difference in the mean number of flies present of the alcohol side of both vials containing decapitated and normal females was significant. The number of flies present on the alcohol side of the vial containing decapitated females was about less than 50% higher than the vial with regular females significantly (Figure 1. ) Discussion The null hypothesis is rejected. The t-test results show that there is a significant difference in the mean number of fruit flies in the two vials (p0. 0001). Thus, there is a significant relationship between sexual frustration and alcohol consumption. The null hypothesis states that sexual frustration has no effect on alcohol consumption in male flies. Since there is an effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption in male flies, the null hypothesis of no effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption is rejected. The results from Azanchi et. al. (2012) show a significant difference (p0. 01) in alcohol consumption in males with decapitated females and regular females. Thus, there is an effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption. Since there is an effect of sexual frustration, therefore this rejects our null hypothesis of no effect of sexual frustration on alcohol consumption. A difference between the number of sexually frustrated males on alcohol environment more than non-sexually frustrated males was observed and the difference was statistically significant. The results from Azanchi et al. (2012) also reject the null hypothesis. The experiment was conducted for a longer period of time where measurement of amount of alcohol consumed was measured instead of number of flies. These may have accounted for an experimental design that could lead to better results since sexually frustrated fruit flies were observed to exhibit higher preference for alcohol. Literature Cited Atkinson, N. S. , S. Khurana, A. Kuperman, B. Robinson. 2012. Neural Adaptation Leads to Cognitive Dependence. Current Biol. 22, 2338-2341. Azanchi, R. U. Heberlein, H. Mohammed, G. Shohat-Phir. 2012. Sexual Deprivation Increases Ethanol Intake in Drosophila. Science. 335, 1351-1355 Devineni, A. V. , Heberlein, U. 2009. Preferential Ethanol Consumption in  Drosophila  Models Features of Addiction. Curr. Biol. 2126-2132. Shen, P. , Q. Wu, J. Xu, Y. Zhang. 2005. Regulation of hunger-driven behaviors by neural ribosomal S6 kinase in  Drosophila. PNAS. 102, 13289-13294. Wilcox, C. 2012. Sexually deprived Drosophila become bar flies. Scientific American. How to cite Alcohol Consumption Drosophila Melanogaster, Papers

sample letter Essay Example For Students

sample letter Essay 1. Melting The making of Wrigleys gum begins by melting and purifying the gum base, which comes from small round balls. 2. Mixing The melted base is poured into a mixer that can hold up to one ton of ingredients. Sweeteners and flavors are added at just the right moment and from just the right amounts and then slowly mixed. 3. Rolling From the mixers, a large loaf of gum is sent through a series of rollers that form it into a thin, wide ribbon. Each pair of rollers is set closer together than the previous pair, gradually reducing the thickness of the gum. A light coating of finely powdered sugar or sugar substitute is added during this process to keep the gum from sticking and to enhance flavor. 4. Scoring At the end of the rolling process, the continuous ribbon of gum is then cut into a pattern for sticks or small rectangular gum centers, depending on what type of gum is being made. 5. Conditioning The scored gum is then moved to a temperature-controlled environment to cool and ensure the finished gum will have the right consistency and stay fresh on store shelves. 6. Breaking and Coating (gum pellets) After tempering, the gum centers are broken into individual pieces. The pieces are then fed to a spray drier that forms the hard coating around the gum center. It tumbles the pieces while a prepared syrup mixture, made of filtered water, sweeteners, and coloring is sprayed onto the gum. This combination of tumbling and spray coating forms a candy shell around the soft gum centers. 7. Wrapping (gum sticks) After cooling and tempering, skilled operators break the sheets of sticks up into sections and feed them into the wrapping machine. In one continuous process, the wrapping machine receives and wraps the sticks, applies the outer wrapper, and seals the end of the package. 8. Packaging (gum pellets) This is where the pellet-style gum is put into the formed plastic compartments of the blister pack. The package is heat sealed using a foil a cardboard sleeve.

The role of Antonio in Shakespeares Tempest Essay Example For Students

The role of Antonio in Shakespeares Tempest Essay Life is so miserable. Here I sit in a corner of this darkened room all alone thinking about my past and trying to figure out what to do with my futile life . The night is dark and long just like the rest of my life. But it is not too late, as long as I am living I will struggle to get what I deserve. We will write a custom essay on The role of Antonio in Shakespeares Tempest specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Life has become very upsetting lately and I miss the times when I was the highest authority and the sole Duke on Milan. Now things have changed and I sit here in my room helpless, with nothing in my hand, no charge or position in Milan. What a glory I have experienced, guards on my security at all times, wo castles with several maids at my service, I worked with people I liked and got rid of the useless ones. I was the master and everyone else a slave, my orders were fulfilled in no time and I lived a happy life. If only I had planned more carefully and kept track of my men putting my brother to eternal sleep I would have been living a pleasant life of a duke; I would never have been hopeless to Prosperos powers. Ugh I hear Prosperos insulting words in my ears. How could I have possibly heard those insulting words from him at the island when he snatched my dukedom from me? At that time my life was in his hands. Looking at him now sitting at the place where I have ruled for 12 years is an unbearable sight to me. What is my future? A slave for Prospero? No! I will not let this happen. Prospero is taking revenge from me, he treats me like I am nothing . He doesnt miss any chance of teasing me. He did the worst to me today. He took all the authorities from me and kicked me out of the castle. Its nothing but my innocence that always comes into my way, maybe I am not a good planner or maybe I lack faithful friends. I know its nothing but jealousy. Prospero cannot see me guiding him just because he knows that I know better than he does and I know better how the world goes by, he is just jealous of me and my abilities because I am smarter than him. Twelve years back I proved to him that I am born to be a duke. Well, it wasnt my fault; it was his stupidity to prove to me that he didnt have any interest in affairs of Milan. He detached himself from the political affairs as he had become entrenched in studies of the secret arts and had given me control of the affairs of state, and I was free to take charge and make decisions on my own. And I didnt do anything wrong, all I did was take the place where I was supposed to be. I wanted the dukedom that was mine, I was ruling over Milan all alone and Prospero was gaining all the reputation and money and any sensible man like me would not have tolerated it. So I decided to get rid of him which had been my desire since childhood. From the very beginning I had been discriminated. Everyone liked Prospero as a kid for he was more into studies than I was. He was the one whose suggestions were considered by our father as he was the older son and the duke-to-be and this hurt me a lot. I had always loved Mirandas mother, Surrinda and did everything to get to her but Prospero proposed her first and she became his life partner. I have cried on this loss for ages. Thus, thinking of how to take the dukedom from Prospero I met the King of Naples (Alonso) and told him how I was taking care of Milan and all the credit and benefits were going to Prospero. I made a deal with him that if Alonso would help me drive my brother out of office, then I would see that Milan paid him a yearly sum of money. .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 , .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .postImageUrl , .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 , .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17:hover , .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17:visited , .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17:active { border:0!important; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17:active , .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17 .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uafe8e283298c8bb70df64b2341ed8a17:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Halloween EssayThis I knew would result in making Milan, which had been a sovereign power, subservient to Naples but it was not more important than ruling Milan all alone and putting Prospero down.. After making this deal I talked to the people and told them what was going on, they were all happy with me and there upon I usurped Prospero and with the help of our armies Prospero and Miranda were carried off. They were left in a boat in the middle of the sea one night, but some of my unfaithful ministers helped him and he survived. I will now take good care of those ministers and Gonzalo, they will have to pay the price for cheating me. Someone is playing a familiar tune on tabor and pipe outside my window . Oh! It reminds me of the charms of the mystic tunes I heard at the island. I remember everything was going so smooth after I became the duke . I thought I had conquered the world and taken my revenge from Prospero for treating me as a low person all my life. I know everything was perfectly all right till fate started playing its role and Claribels marriage took place in Tunis and we decided to go there together. I had no danger from any side. I was content and didnt know that Prospero was still alive. No one knew he has been living on an island and making plans of how to take his dukedom back. He with the help of his spiritual powers caused the storm that scared all of us to death and then brought us to the shore of the island where he lived. I was shocked to see him alive where he insulted my fellows and me and demanded his dukedom back. At that time I was left with no choice; I had to do as he said and I gave him back his charge of Duke of Milan. After that we all came back to Milan with Prospero ruling over us. I had thought people will never accept him but this didnt happen, people took him with open arms and were glad to see them alive . Everyone took part in Mirandas wedding whole-heartedly. Only after one year Alonso left this world. He was miserable. I am sure it was Prosperos revenge to him with the help of his spirits that poor Alonso died of bubonic plaque. And it struck to me that it was my turn next and Prospero will not let me live. I talked to Ferdinand and tried to persuade him to help me fight Prospero but he was blinded by Mirandas love, which is why he refused to take my side. Ferdinand probably told Prospero about my demand of justice and fighting against him as I am the rightful duke of Milan. The result to this wasnt good either. In the next few days I was moved further away from the politics of Milan and was ordered to leave the castle, all I could do was clench my fists. I cant see myself dying hopeless and powerless. I have belief in myself and I can get anything I want and If I dont take any step right now I am afraid Prospero will eventually disinherit me of all that I am left with. My friend Sebastian doesnt trust me anymore and that too is because of Prospero. He played a game with us and gave Sebastian a higher rank within the politics of Milan and he being so close to Prospero doesnt like me anymore. Sebastian is selfish for he forgot the help I offered him when we were on the island. I made him such a good plan of killing Alonso and ruling over Naples. So what if the plan didnt work, we could have thought of something else but Sebastain shouldnt have isolated me like this. Ah! But the point is why would he return to me when he is enjoying the royalty with Prospero. I have two options infront of me, one is to drink this poison bottle in my hand and the other one is to pick up my sword and put Prospero to death with my own hands. Both these options lead me to death. And if death is my destiny then why not die with pride and see the person who has made me go through all this pain DEAD. O Yes! I am sure I can do it.

Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery

Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery When undergoing surgery, most patients dont consider that they could leave the hospital with foreign objects in their bodies. Research studies indicate that thousands of incidents (4,500 to 6,000) of this type happen each year in the United States alone. Retained surgical instruments after surgery can cause a number of serious health issues and may even lead to death. Leaving foreign objects in a patients body is a mistake that could be avoided with the implementation of extra safety precautions. 15 Objects Commonly Left Inside the Body After Surgery Depending on the type of surgery, surgeons are estimated to use over 250 types of surgical instruments and tools during a single procedure. These objects are difficult to keep track of during surgery and are sometimes left behind. The types of surgical objects commonly left inside a patient after surgery include: spongesscalpelsscissorstowelsdrain tipsneedlesguide wiresclampstweezersforcepsscopessurgical masksmeasuring devicessurgical glovestubes The most common objects left inside a patient are needles and sponges. Sponges, in particular, are difficult to keep track of as they are used to soak up blood during surgery and tend to blend in with the patients organs and tissues. These incidences happen most often during abdominal surgery. The most common areas in which surgical objects are left inside a patient are the abdomen, vagina, and the chest cavity. Why Objects Get Left Behind Surgical objects are unintentionally left inside a patient for a number of reasons. Hospitals typically rely on nurses or technicians to keep track of the number of sponges and other surgical tools used during surgery. Human error comes into play as incorrect counts can be made due to fatigue or chaos as a result of a surgical emergency. Several factors can increase the risk that an object may be left behind after surgery. These factors include unexpected changes that occur during surgery, the patients body mass index is high, multiple procedures are needed, procedures involving more than one surgical team, and procedures involving greater blood loss. Consequences of Leaving Objects Behind The consequences of having surgical tools left inside a patients body vary from harmless to fatal. Patients may go for months or years not realizing that they have foreign surgical objects within their bodies. Sponges and other surgical implements can lead to infection, severe pain, digestive system problems, fever, swelling, internal bleeding, damage to internal organs, obstructions, loss of part of an internal organ, prolonged hospital stays, additional surgery to remove the object or even death. Cases of Objects Left Inside Patients Examples of surgical objects being left inside patients include: A patient in a Wisconsin hospital was undergoing cancer surgery and a 13-inch surgical retractor was left inside his abdomen.A six-inch metal surgical clamp was left in a mans abdomen (behind his liver) following intestinal surgery in California. Even more astonishing is that this was the second time that a clamp was left inside this same patient after surgery.Surgical scissors were left inside a woman who had undergone uterine cancer surgery.A surgical glove was left inside a woman who had undergone a hysterectomy.A two-inch scalpel was left inside the abdomen of a man who was having heart bypass surgery. Prevention Methods Large surgical instruments are not commonly left inside patients. Retained surgical sponges make up the vast majority of objects left behind after surgery. Some hospitals are using sponge-tracking technology to ensure that these items are detected and not left inside a patient. The sponges are bar-coded and scanned when they are used to reduce the risk of an inaccurate count. They are scanned again after surgery to ensure that there are no discrepancies. Another type of sponge-tracking technology involves radio-frequency tagged sponges and towels. These items can be detected by an x-ray while the patient is still in the operating room. Hospitals that use these types of surgical object tracking methods have reported a drastic reduction in the rate of reported retained surgical objects. Adopting sponge-tracking technology has also proven to be more cost-effective for hospitals than having to perform additional surgeries on patients to remove retained surgical objects. Sources Eisler, Peter. â€Å"What Surgeons Leave behind Costs Some Patients Dearly.† USA Today. Gannett, 08 Mar. 2013. Web. 6 July 2016. usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/08/surgery-sponges-lost-supplies-patients-fatal-risk/1969603/.Williams, T. Tung, D. et al. Retained Surgical Sponges: Findings from Incident Reports and a Cost-Benefit Analysis of Radiofrequency Technology. J Am Coll Surg. 2014 Sep;219(3):354-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.03.052. Epub 2014 May 10.

Training and Development (8) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Training and Development (8) - Assignment Example This involves three stages: anticipatory, encounter and settling in. The anticipatory stage deals with potential employees. These candidates from previous experience, interaction with peers and managers have an idea of what the company stands for and how it operates. However, Mallor et al (2010) suggests that they should be given a realistic job preview to help them make an informed decision on whether to work for the company. This gives them the true picture of the company instead of relying on hearsay hence they have realistic expectations about the company and working conditions. This information can be obtained from brochures, magazines and company website. Once the potential candidates have been recruited, they move into the encounter stage. At this stage, the employee needs to understand his/her roles and responsibilities so as to perform according to expected standards. He/she also needs to understand the company policies and procedures especially the company culture as it det ermines the behavior of employees. The organization structure indicates the reporting relationships and interrelationships in the organization thus it is crucial for employee to understand it. Though they may have previous experience, each company has its way of doing things hence they need to be given appropriate training and orientation. They also need manager’s support in form of information about their job and the company, challenging work and high-quality relationship (Mallor et al. 2010 p. 479). The last stage is settling in. At this stage, employees are already familiar with their job tasks, company policies and procedures and have developed interpersonal relationships (Mallor et al. 2010). However, they need to deal with various work conflicts such as conflicting job demands. They also have to balance work and family life or nonwork activities so as to be productive employees. They also need to understand how their performance is to be evaluated and how they can progr ess in their career. 2. Why are content and process important in the design of employee orientation programs? What content should an effective orientation program include?   What process should be used? Orientation involves familiarizing the employees with the company history, company goals, performance requirements and interpersonal relationships (Mallor et al. 2010 p. 480). The success of employee orientation programs depends on the content and the process used. These programs are aimed at enhancing commitment and engagement from employees and consequently loyalty to the company which leads to reduced labor turnover and competitive advantage. The content helps the employees to understand their work, the company as well as policies and procedures. An effective orientation program includes company level information such as policies and procedures, employee and union relations, compensation and benefits and customer relations. It also includes department level information such as j ob duties and responsibilities, performance expectations, and introduction to peers. The content also entails the relation of individual to community such as how to find suitable housing and how to deal with family adjustments (p. 481). The process of orientation involves filling forms, scheduling and attending orientation meetings, interacting with managers and coworkers as well as familiarizing with products and services (P. 481). 3. How could you

Portfolio Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Portfolio Theory - Essay Example While it has already been established that Portfolio 2 gives the higher expected return rate, the risk involved would also have to be considered. Portfolio 3 has the higher standard deviation. This means that the projects that make up Portfolio 3 are riskier by nature, or that they involve more uncertainties as compared to those in Portfolio 2. This, however, is not to be counted as a disadvantage for Portfolio 3 since it has turned out that the investors are known to be high risk-takers. They do not mind taking in more risk in exchange for higher return. Based on these given facts, Portfolio 3 is the better choice to recommend to the Top Choice Investments group. As for the combination of the two projects making up Portfolio 2, it has a positive covariance figure. Computed at 97.50%, this means that the two projects generally tend to move in the same direction in terms of positive and negative developments. The factors that are favorable for one project in Portfolio 2 are equally beneficial for the other project. Accordingly, the factors that are detrimental to one project have high chances of also negatively affecting the other project in Portfolio 2. As a portfolio, this does not present a good combination, since bad indications for one would mean similarly bad things for the other. With a correlation coefficient computed at 0.65, Portfolio 2 would be expected to increase in value during the good days of both projects and to decrease in value during the bad days. With such positive correlation coefficient, Portfolio 2 would suffer badly during days when either project in it would be adversely affected by prevailing situations. Such a scenario occurs when two projects in a portfolio involve the same industry, like the real estate industry. Therefore, if a portfolio is composed of a project in a building and another in an apartment, it would mean big damages

DIGITAL AND INTERACTIVE MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

DIGITAL AND INTERACTIVE MARKETING - Essay Example Company profile and concept Aviva plc is one of the world’s largest insurance companies. It has about 46000 employees and 28 countries. In UK the company’s strategy is to establish itself as a single global organization that is relatively quicker at fulfilling customer needs. And to support this strategy of theirs they needed a modern human capital management system. Later in 2010 Aviva introduced workday as a global solution to this concern. (Stobbart) Aviva has been a market leader in UK and was best known with its older name which was Norwich union. The company’s main spheres of operations are in Europe and although it offers general insurance and other financial services, it generates most of its revenues from pensions and life insurance. The marketing team of aviva takes care of its marketing and retention strategies, member benefit development for the health insurance business and product strategy. Aviva’s sales team looks after the development and d elivery of sales of aviva in its markets Issues with online presence When Aviva started to venture online it met different degrees of success. However some issues faced by the company with its online presence was because of the conservative nature of the insurance industry. There are quite a lot of technical issues that are becoming a problem. Also the complexity of all the technology involved in internet marketing has been very challenging for the company. Much of the technology used by Aviva is used to automate instead of changing already existing business processes. (Ward) The basic problem with the use of websites in internet marketing is that most of the times websites don’t appear in internet results for search words related to your business as a result of which your customers end up never having an access to your website. (Ashmore) In Aviva’s case Aviva has found online solutions for increasing its efficiency and to cut down on some paper work. These online solu tions mainly focus on the needs of financial advisers. This was launched by Aviva in the UK. (Staff) Developing online strategy using new tools understanding and definitions This solution is for advisors e-commerce platform that was launched in June 2009 and now provides to around 40 000 investors tax, product and technical support related information. (Mail) One of the new features added to the company now make the advisors capable of monitoring and switching funds online on more than about 1.6 million investment bonds, group, stakeholder and individual personal pensions New feature is e-documents which provide the advisors an access to electronic version of client correspondence. (Stobbart) The online funds switch solution also has some other features like now customer signatures are not required as the online services get hold of the entire customer’s information and removes the need for their signature every time a switch is needed. Moreover, the policy fund research tool lets the advisors know which funds are available to switch and an online compliance record of each switch is available. Lastly, a client confirmation letter is automatically issued for each client after every fund switch is done. (Publications) (Berthon) Now talking about the e- documents system, it gives to the advisors access

Music And Songs In Teaching English

Music And Songs In Teaching English There is a belief that first musical instruments appeared as early as speech, which means that the language of words and that of music were formed in parallel, completing and enriching each other. That is why language of words shows so much similarity to music. Both speech and music are characterized by rhythm and melody. Close associations of language and music have rooted in peoples mind very deeply. People often use metaphorically the name of one to refer to the other: they call pleasant words music to their ears, face the music when accepting criticism or punishment for something they have done, use the phrase the language of music to describe a way of expressing meaning through sounds. Sound and word are combined to give birth to pieces of vocal music, where music brings to light the internal sense of the text, reveals what is hidden between the lines. So it is natural to teach language with the help of music and songs. Moreover, a great number of scholars consider music and son gs to be the most productive and effective ways of teaching a foreign language. The role of music and songs in teaching English is very important. Using songs and music is one of the tools a teacher can use to teach English to the class, regardless of the age of the learner. Songs and music are a tie that binds all cultures and languages and, therefore, the best way to make learning English fun. Jeremy Harmer in his book How to Teach English emphasizes the importance of music as a learning tool by stating that music is a strong incentive for student engagement because it speaks directly to our emotions while still allowing us to use our brains to analyse it and its effects if we so wish (Harmer 319); and it plays a multifunctional role in the process of learning a foreign language, it has the power of creating a propitious atmosphere, it can amuse and entertain, and it can make satisfactory connection between the world of leisure and the world of learning in the classroom (Harmer 319). Tim Murphey, indicates two chief assets in the usage of music and songs in re lation to language learning: music is highly memorable; it is highly motivating, especially for children, adolescents, and young adult learners (Murphey 4). Nevertheless, the role of songs and music in teaching English is often underestimated, and activities involving them are often neglected by teachers. The usage of music and songs in the classroom: has often been met with ridicule and a cautionary statement that although students were enjoying class, they were not learning (Salcedo, The Effects of Songs in the Foreign Language Classroom on Text Recall and Iinvoluntary Mental Rehersal). Teachers usually think that students will not take music and songs seriously at English classes; they will have too much fun and will not pay any attention to the pedagogical aim of the song. It is not rare to hear teachers ask questions like What do music and songs have to do with language learning?, What do you do with a song besides listen to it and possibly sing with it?, What else can be done with the song besides gap-filling? This testifies to the fact that teachers are often unaware of the opportunities songs and music can present. There are diff erent opinions, but it is for sure that it is a good way to make foreign language learning much more effective to learners of different age and different levels. Teachers who want to keep their students interested and motivated should use songs and music activities, since, according to Larry M. Lynch, it has lots of advantages: Songs almost always contain authentic, natural language; A variety of new vocabulary can be introduced to students through songs; Songs are usually very easily obtainable; Songs can be selected to suit the needs and interests of the students; Grammar and cultural aspects can be introduced through songs; Time length is easily controlled; Students can experience a wide range of accents; Song lyrics can be used in relating to situations of the world around us; Students think songs are natural and fun. (Lynch, 9 Reasons Why You Should Use Songs to Teach English as a Foreign Language.) Songs and music are invaluable in teaching English at elementary level. No other materials give the teacher such a broad range of possibilities for teaching various aspects of English. An illustration of language in action, the song can be subjected to linguistic analysis or turned into an exercise. Through the use of songs English pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar can be effectively taught. According to Cameron there are three stages of a song as a task for elementary level students: preparation stage (it is very important to activate the vocabulary and to form basic sentence structures in this stage); core stage (the best way to involve students and raise their interest in this stage is to sing the song several times in the core, changing pace or volume and making students perform actions and sing along chorally); follow-up stage (attempts to be a successful completion of the core stage ) (Millington, Using Songs Effectively to Teach English to Young Learners). Songs can be used to develop students listening skills. They improve listening skills because they provide students with practice listening to different forms of intonation and rhythm (Millington, Using Songs Effectively to Teach English to Young Learners). Songs can be really helpful in practicing listening skills warm-up work can provide a basis for students to make predictions before listening; listening activities can encourage listening for gist or listening for detail (Hancock 7). Their advantage lies in the fact that they usually go at slower speed than speeches or dialogues; words, phrases, sentences are being sung which usually means that they are uttered more slowly and often more distinctly than in case of speaking. There is a wide range of song-based listening activities for students at elementary level: picture discussion (the teacher presents some key words and/or the title from the lyrics and asks students to predict what the song is about); snippets of information (the teacher plays the first few seconds of the song and asks students to predict from the mood of the music what the song is about); picture selection (the teacher shows students two or more alternative pictures, magazine photos perhaps, and asks them to say which one best matches the contents or mood of the lyric and why); sequencing (the teacher gives students a copy of the lyric with the lines in the wrong order or cut into strips, and students listen and put them in the right order). While listening to songs students hear the language used so that they can both imitate the pronunciation and also subconsciously acquire some of its sounds and patterns. During the process of listening to songs, students subconsciously acquire some of English sounds and patterns. When it comes to singing, they imitate the pronunciation, learning to use rhythm and stress correctly. The task of learning the correct use of stress and rhythm becomes simpler because students are lead by the rhythm of a song. There are a few activities which students at elementary level can do with a song to practice pronunciation. The most effective one is repeating certain parts of the lyric (drilling). Songs are equally suitable for teaching vocabulary at elementary level. Teachers may use them for two purposes: either to present new vocabulary items or to practise the familiar ones. Often songs represent a theme or topic that can provide the context for vocabulary learning (Millington, Using Songs Effectively to Teach English to Young Learners). Neil Millington in the article Using Songs Effectively to Teach English to Young Learners gives examples of two songs: Teaching Practice Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes serves to review body parts, or I Can Sing a Rainbow which is helpful for reviewing color names (Millington, Using Songs Effectively to Teach English to Young Learners). The repetition of monosyllabic words in childrens songs can help improving vocabulary acquisition (Millington, Using Songs Effectively to Teach English to Young Learners). There are songs which can be used as the basis for dramatization. Tim Murphey states that at elementary level the dramatization of the s ong can be useful to express, through gestures, the meaning of some actions (Murphey 121). The age-old technique of asking students to perform actions with words has become popular because of well-documented research that shows it to be very effective. The idea is that if students can move and do what is said matching words to the actions, language is learnt more deeply. Songs can be a good source of topics for discussion and different classroom activities at elementary level. The plot of the song is a good basis for story telling while characters in the song can serve as a basis for role play. By interpreting and converting song lyrics into prose and discussing the style of the song students have a chance to develop their productive skills speaking and writing. The main speaking activities for elementary level are: role-play (the teacher asks students to imagine that they are characters of the given song); continue the story (students may be asked to imagine how the characters ended up in the situation they are in.); Particular attention should be paid to the choice of songs. Mark Hancock (Hancock 3) thinks that just because a student might not choose to listen to a certain song outside the classroom, does not mean that the student would not enjoy it as part of a learning activity. Teachers are not advised to present the song as something students are supposed to like. Thus, any song could be used for teaching purposes. According to Tim Murphey, any song can be useful and motivating, however teachers should use the students choice of music and song as much as possible (Murphey 14). Another important issue is whether teachers should always use authentic songs or not. According to Jeremy Harmer, listening material as well as the kind of tasks which go with it are determined by the level of students (Harmer 319). Music and songs in English classroom are important and useful tools. This is a great formula for keeping students always interested in the language they learn. With their help students can not only learn English but also relax and enjoy their class. There are benefits to using songs in the classroom; however, more often than not, songs are used relatively ineffective, often as activities between learning. No matter how enjoyable or memorable singing songs can be, it will not teach learners to use the language and will not give them the ability to communicate in another language. Reframing songs into tasks according to preparation, core, and follow-up stages enhance songs potential as teaching and learning tools. Songs and music can be used for practicing different aspects of English, and all learning skills can be improved.

Knowledge Of Information :: essays research papers

Knowledge of Information DESCRIPTION OF THE CASE: Ralph is a recent widower in his midi-60's, who was diagnosed with metatastasized colon cancer. He is a home health agency patient, and his primary caregivers are his two daughters. Ralph is unaware of the severity of his condition and wanted to know what his state of health and prognosis were. The nurse evaded his questions initially, and his daughters did not want to tell him that his cancer was terminal. The nurse's position was not to continue providing care for Ralph, as she would be deceiving him by not telling him the truth. When the nurse consulted with Ralph's physician, he agreed with the family's decision, as he felt that they needed time to accept their mother's recent death and Ralph's impending death. The doctor ordered the nurse not to oppose him and not to disclose any further infomation to Ralph. THE PRINCIPLE: TRUTH-TELLING & DECEPTION (Should be "FIDELITY") In most cases, a rational person has a right to truthful information and avoidance of deception, which will allow him to decide which course of treatment to follow. A patient's right to decide includes the right to know the truth, not be brainwashed, and not be lied to or deceived by having information withheld that is relevant to his own health. There is a moral standard that condemns lies, deception and withholding of relevant information. To tell Ralph that "everything was all right and he would be up and around the house in no time at all" is deceptive, as his condition is terminal, although he does not yet realize it. The ANA Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice states that clients should be educated about ther illness, which is subsumed within Standards of Care (p3). In Standard V-Ethics (p15), measurement criteria #3 states that "the nurse acts as a client advocate" and #5 states the "nurse delivers care in a manner that preserves and protects client autonomy, dignity and rights". The "Patient's Bill of Rights" cites somes cases that justify overriding a patient's autonomy rights, however. Considering that Ralph has recently lost his wife and that he is still working through his own grief may present a morally compelling reason for withholding information and considering Ralph's best interests. His emotional status may need to be assessed to assure that he would not be suicidal or lose interest in the remaining quality of his life, also to determine his ability to cope, before telling him the truth, and prevention of harm overrides autonomy rights. If I were involved in Ralph's care as his nurse, I would have great difficulty

Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City

About the Author Richard Lloyd is a known social critique. His observation upon the society’s progress has naturally assisted people in seeing the situation that they are in several perspectives of social development. His approach on criticizing the present has naturally rooted from the understanding that he has gained from the past. Through this particular process of observation and explanation of the human society’s development, Lloyd captures the attention of both the old generation and that of the new age civilization. Whereas, it is through this procedure of giving the society a glimpse of what is actually happening that more people are able to benefit from the clarity of the author’s description of the current situation. About the Book As mentioned earlier, the book of Lloyd attempts to clarify the actual situation that the human society is involved in at present. This particular reading, as per noted by the author, aims to show the balance as well as the imbalance that happens in the society with regards the developments that are happening with technological innovations as well as the cultural get-up of moist communities today because of the deepening effects of globalization in the lives of the people around the world. To make the discussion less-broad, the author intended to portray the situation in the ways by which the people are situated in a small community whereas, the people’s lives are further intertwined because of the fact that they are living in a single system; a single neighborhood that makes them and their activities collaborate with that of the others. It is a process by which the author simply concise a whole wide world view into a smaller scope of area of understanding so as to be able to help the readers understand the bigger picture of the situation. Content and Summary In a ten-chapter–based discussion, Lloyd particularly opened the minds of the readers to the truth that globalization, technological innovation and industrialization has brought the human society with. Through the discussions of the three major agents of social advancement, Lloyd showed the benefits of the process which are mostly obvious to the human mind and understanding. However, he also noted the negative effects of the progress as the situation becomes vulgarly connected to the devastating situations that are present in the society today. Constant agitation over the social status of the different types of people involved in the process and the ones that they particularly oppress unknowingly helped Lloyd in making his arguments quite stronger and obvious for the common mind to understand. On Industrialization and Globalization: Lloyd particularly recognizes the idea that obvious progress has been implied by the different procedures of industrialization that the commercial sectors of the society have implied upon the human generations through the years. The increased process of employing more and more individuals in the industries have made it possible for the developing nations to follow on through with the developments of the international trade and the world economy as well. However, behind the developments of the society in terms of employment and commercial progress of business organizations, it is almost unnoticeable among those who are gaining profit in the system that they are already becoming wealthy at the expense of others. This is the reason why the theory of Darwinism on poor becoming poorer and the rich becoming richer has been developed to explain the situation. The increased number of child labor is also alarming that it has made it possible for several social organizations to put up programs avoiding the said situations. On Technological Advancements: The society today recognizes the idea that people today [being led by the young generation] engages in a considerable manner of accepting the advancements of technology in an undeniably welcoming manner. Most often than not, the process of technological innovation and invasion in the human society have been much beneficial at almost every cost of living in the present civilization’s process of dealing with everyday challenges and tasks. On the contrary, the downside of the situation is that as the technological innovation increases, the dependability of the society upon the technological machines also increases. At some point, Lloyd sees this in an objective manner. However, it could not be denied that along with this particular progression in the society’s ability of facing the daily challenges that they are supposed to deal with, the willingness of people to solve things on their own have diminished. The dependability that they place upon the systems of technology actually makes it harder for the people to recognize their real capabilities in facing the difficulties of life. Critique of the Author’s Writing Approach Lloyd’s trademark of not using vulgar words simply to avoid boredom in the discussion has made his writing quite professional and authoritative. However, this does not mean that the book was such a bore. In fact, reading tit makes it easier for the readers to understand the social situation in a better picture that suits their comprehension. Most likely, reading through the pages of the reading naturally helps the readers see the approach of the writer as rather friendly yet authoritative, this means that the values of the readers as the ones to comprehend upon the reading is conscientiously carried on through the process by the author. Through this approach, the book was not a bore, but an interesting material that serves as an impeccable picture of the reality of situations happening in the society today. Overall Reaction and Recommendation The reading as per authored by Richard Lloyd is a fine read for every social studies students who are aiming to see the human situation in a much more practical picture. The metaphors and the illustrations used by the author in this reading also makes it a fine read for ordinary people who simply want to know about the different developments in the society and how they particularly affect the lives of the human generations in a much more practical manner. The usage of the words and the choice of language tone on the part of the author makes this particular read applicable for all the ages wanting to learn about the society as well. Overall, Lloyd’s book is indeed a fine read. Reference: Richard Lloyd. (2005). Neo-Bohemia: Art and Commerce in the Postindustrial City. Routledge; 1 edition. Â   Â   Â  

The Ancient City of Rome Has Many Nicknames

The Ancient City of Rome Has Many Nicknames Italys capital city of Rome is known by many names- and not just translations into other languages. Rome has recorded history going back more than two millennia, and legends go back even further, to about 753 BCE, when the Romans traditionally date the founding of their city. Etymology of Rome The city is called Roma in Latin, which has an uncertain origin. Some scholars believe the word refers to the citys founder and first king, Romulus, and roughly translates to oar or swift.  There are also additional theories that Rome derives from the Umbrian language, where the word might mean flowing waters.  Ancestors of the Umbri were likely in Etruria prior to the Etruscans.   Centuries of Names for Rome Rome is often called the Eternal City, a reference to its longevity and used first by the Roman poet Tibullus (c. 54–19 BCE) (ii.5.23) and a bit later, by Ovid (8 CE). Rome is the Caput Mundi (Capital of the world), or so said the Roman poet Marco Anneo Lucano in 61 CE. The Roman emperor Septimius Severus (145–211 CE) first called Rome the Urbs Sacra (the Sacred City)- he was speaking of Rome as the sacred city of the Roman religion, not that of the Christian religion, which it would become later. The Romans were shocked when the city fell to a sack by the Goths in 410 CE, and many said that the reason the city had fallen was that they had forsaken the old Roman religion for Christianity. In response, St. Augustine wrote his City of God in which he censured the Goths for their attack. The perfect society could be a City of God, said Augustine, or an Earthly City, depending on whether Rome could embrace Christianity and be cleaned of its moral turpitude. Rome is the City of Seven Hills: Aventine, Caelian, Capitoline, Esquiline, Palatine, Quirinal, and Vimina. The Italian painter Giotto di Bondone (1267–1377) perhaps said it best when he described Rome as the city of echoes, the city of illusions, and the city of yearning. A Handful of Quotes â€Å"I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.† Augustus (Roman Emperor 27 BCE–14 CE)†How is it possible to say an unkind or irreverential word of Rome? The city of all time, and of all the world!† Nathaniel Hawthorne (American novelist. 1804–1864)â€Å"Everyone soon or late comes round by Rome.† Robert Browning (English Poet 1812–1889)Irish playwright Oscar Wilde (1854–1900) called Rome the Scarlet Woman, and the the one city of the soul.â€Å"Italy has changed. But Rome is Rome.† Robert De Niro (American actor, born 1943) The Secret Name of Rome Several writers from antiquity- including the historians Pliny and Plutarch- reported that Rome had a sacred name that was secret and that revealing that name would allow the enemies of Rome to ruin the city. The secret name of Rome, the ancients said, was kept by the cult of the goddess Angerona or Angeronia, who was, depending on which source you read, the goddess of silence, of anguish and fear, or of the new year. There was said to be a statue of her at Volupia which showed her with her mouth bound and sealed up. The name was so secret, that no one was allowed to say it, not even in rituals for Angerona. According to reports, one man, the poet and grammarian Quintus Valerius Soranus (~145 BCE–82 BCE), revealed the name. He was seized by the Senate and either crucified on the spot or fled in fear of punishment to Sicily, where he was captured by the governor and executed there.  Modern historians are not so sure any of that is true: although Valerius was executed, it may have been for political reasons. Plenty of names have been suggested for the secret name of Rome: Hirpa, Evouia, Valentia, Amor are just a few. A secret name has the power of a talisman, even if it didnt actually exist, powerful enough to make it into the anecdotes of antiquarians. If Rome has a secret name, there is knowledge of the ancient world that is unknowable. Popular Phrases All roads lead to Rome.  This idiom means that there are many different methods or ways to reach the same goal or conclusion, and likely refers to the extensive Roman Empires road system throughout its hinterlands.When in Rome, do as the Romans do.  Adapt to your decisions and actions to that of the present circumstances.Rome wasnt built in a day.  Great projects take time.Do not sit in Rome and strive with the Pope. It is best not to criticize or oppose someone in his or her own territory. Sources Cairns, Francis. Roma and Her Tutelary Deity: Names and Ancient Evidence. Ancient Historiography and Its Contexts: Studies in Honour of A. J. Woodman. Eds. Kraus, Christina S., John Marincola and Christoper Pelling. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 245–66.Moore, F. G. On Urbs Aeterna and Urbs Sacra. Transactions of the American Philological Association (1869-1896) 25 (1894): 34–60.Murphy, Trevor. Privileged Knowledge: Valerius Soranus and the Secret Name of Rome. Rituals in Ink. A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome. Eds. Barchiesi, Alessandro, Jà ¶rg Rà ¼pke and Susan Stephens: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004.Rome. Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online, Oxford University Press, June 2019Van Nuffelen, Peter. Varros Divine Antiquities: Roman Religion as an Image of Truth. Classical Philology 105.2 (2010): 162–88.

The Small Magellanic Cloud

The Small Magellanic Cloud The Small Magellanic Cloud is a favorite stargazing target for southern hemisphere observers. Its actually a galaxy. Astronomers classify it as a dwarf  irregular type galaxy that is roughly 200,000 light-years from our Milky Way galaxy. It is part of the Local Group of more than 50 galaxies that are gravitationally bound together in this region of the universe. Formation of the Small Magellanic Cloud Close study of the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds indicates that they were both once barred spiral galaxies. Over time, however, gravitational interactions with the Milky Way distorted their shapes, tearing them apart. The result is a pair of irregularly shaped galaxies that are still interacting with each other and with the Milky Way. Properties of the Small Magellanic Cloud The Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is roughly 7,000 light-years in diameter (about 7% of the Milky Ways diameter) and contains about 7 billion solar masses (less than one percent of the mass of the Milky Way). While it is about half the size of its companion, the Large Magellanic Cloud, the SMC contains nearly as many stars (about 7 billion versus 10 billion), meaning it has a higher stellar density. However, the star formation rate is currently lower for the Small Magellanic Cloud. This is probably because it has less free gas than its larger sibling, and, therefore, had periods of more rapid formation in the past. It has used up most of its gas and that has now slowed down starbirth in that galaxy. The Small Magellanic Cloud  is also the more distant of the two. Despite this, it is still visible from the southern hemisphere. To see it well, you should search it out in clear, dark skies from any southern hemisphere location. Its visible in the evening skies beginning in late October through January. Most people mistake the Magellanic Clouds for storm clouds in the distance.   Discovery of the Large Magellanic Cloud Both the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are prominent in the night sky. The first recorded word of its position in the sky was noted by the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, who lived and observed in the middle of the 10th century. It wasnt until the early 1500s that various writers began recording the presence of the clouds during their voyages across the ocean. In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan brought it into popularity through his writings. His contribution to their discovery eventually led to their naming in his honor.   However, it really wasnt until the 20th century that astronomers realized the Magellanic Clouds were actually whole other galaxies separate from our own. Before that, these objects, along with other fuzzy patches in the sky, were assumed to be individual nebulae in the Milky Way galaxy. Close studies of the light from variable stars in the Magellanic Clouds allowed astronomers to determine accurate distances to these two satellites. Today, astronomers study them for evidence of star formation, star death, and interactions with the Milky Way Galaxy. Will the Small Magellanic Cloud Merge With the Milky Way Galaxy? Research suggests that both the Magellanic Clouds have orbited the Milky Way galaxy at roughly the same distance for a significant portion of their existence. However, it is not likely that they have ventured as close as their current position very often. This has led some scientists to suggest that the Milky Way will eventually consume the much smaller galaxies. They do have trailers of hydrogen gas streaming between them, and to the Milky Way. This gives some evidence of interactions between the three galaxies. However, recent studies with such observatories as the Hubble Space Telescope seem to show that these galaxies are moving too fast in their orbits. This could keep them from colliding with our galaxy. That doesnt rule out closer interactions in the future, as Andromeda Galaxy closes in on an long-term interaction with the Milky Way. That dance of the galaxies will change the shapes of all the galaxies involved in drastic ways.

HR Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR Questions - Essay Example Conducting needs assessment requires a closer evaluation of the requirements of the employee, the responsibilities to be undertaken, and the goals of the organization. Ensuring employees’ readiness would necessitate establishing preparedness of the employee with regards to their motivation, drives and needs, behavior, and basic skills for undertaking current and future responsibilities. Creating a learning environment defines the training materials and resources, including monitoring and administration of the training program. The phase that indicates ensuring transfer of learning means that people involved in the training process must validate knowledge, skill and abilities that were developed through self-management, peer and manager’s support. Developing an evaluation plan is a measure for evaluation and performance of the training program through identification of the learning objectives, selecting an appropriate evaluation design, and undertaking cost-benefit analy sis. Selection of the training method requires determining whether traditional or e-learning methods are most effective for the organizations’ goals. Finally, monitoring and evaluating the program should determine the strengths and weaknesses of the program and address the weaknesses, as required. The two flaws of the ISD model are: (1) in real life setting, organizations rarely follow the exact step-by-step process; and (2) evaluation of its effectiveness is only done at the end-time (Noe: PPT 9). A formal learning entails a planned effort for employees to gain knowledge regarding their specific job requirements. On the other hand, informal learning is a type of learning that is not structured or rigid and is based on a trial and error method, consulting colleagues, and researching for more information through electronic means. Formal training is more preferable in situations that require adherence to rigid, formalized and highly structured strategies to

Economics of crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics of crime - Essay Example This can lead to more crimes. Soros, G. (2010). â€Å"Why I Support Legal Marijuana: We should invest in effective education rather than ineffective arrest and incarceration.† Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from: http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303467004575574450703567656 Svrakic, D.M. (2012). Legalization, Decriminalization & Medicinal Use of Cannabis: A Scientific and Public Health Perspective. Missouri Medicine 90 109:2. Retrieved from: http://www.msma.org/docs/communications/momed/Medicinal_Use_Cannabis.pdf Morris R.G., TenEyck M., Barnes J.C., Kovandzic TV (2014) The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on Crime: Evidence from State Panel Data, 1990-2006. PLoS ONE 9(3): e92816. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092816. Retrieved from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0092816 d. Both qualitative and quantitative data would be required for conducting this particular research. Qualitative data will involve the views of the people towards this topical subject. Interviews can be conducted in order to obtain first hand information about the perceptions of different people pertaining to the use of marijuana in different circumstances. Secondary sources such as published literature including peer reviewed journals would be used for this particular task. Newspapers containing information related to the topic would also be used. Official data from different organizations and governmental departments related to this subject area would also be used for the purposes of conducting this research. Quantitative data can be obtained through the use of questionnaires in order to establish the number of the people who support the idea of legalizing marijuana and those against it. The number of selected participants will represent the whole population. e. The likely difficulties to be encountered in

Capital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Capital - Essay Example The results of the strategy are dependent of the performance of the companies. Basically, the concept of capital gearing is designed to provide competitive advantage and to provide long-term benefits to the consumers. Actually, the proposal of the board of directors appears to be right. Capital gearing is an instrument that tends to decrease the cost of capital. Simple computations will suggest that gearing is increased in three ways: increase in net assets, decrease net borrowings, and decrease shareholder funds. Cost of capital is reduced by minimising issuance of stocks and issuance of borrowings. In addition, not venturing to internal financing also maintains the level of capital cost. Theoretically, the proposal is sound because capital gearing will definitely decrease the value of capital. Basically, it will depend on the strategy of the firm on which item to concentrate. The notion provides an interesting subject that has to be analysed before the gearing is finally approved. Actually, the board of directors failed to notice an important component of the equation. The corporate tax was secluded for the computation. Thus, the calculation has to be corrected by inserting the missing part of the equation. The increase in gearing has resulted to a decrease total capital by 1%. Ignoring the importance of the corporate tax was crucial in the actual results. Despite of the minimal change in the results, the managers was still right in doubting the computations. The small change in the decrease in cost of capital was favourable for the company. The impact of the decrease will be observed in the benefits provided to all stakeholders, in particular the investors. Assuming that the cost of equity and cost of debt do not alter, estimate the effect of the share repurchase on the company's cost of capital and value. Basically, this method of gearing will have more substantial effects to the cost of capital. As mentioned, gearing is possible when the assets of the company are greater than the debts and equity. Share repurchase will definitely affect the cost of equity. Perhaps this notion contradicts to the earlier statement that the equity cost retains its value. Even with the repurchase shares, the cost of capital will not affected. In the previous discussion, it was mentioned that internal financing also promotes gearing. By doing such, the company can use its earnings to repurchase the share. Basically, the company will not resort into borrowings and will not use the available equity as means to do the repurchase. The internal investment will have similar effects to the company in terms of the reduction of capital cost and benefits gained. Although, it is

Time and Nanotechnology Essay Example for Free

Time and Nanotechnology Essay Do you believe in technology? Or do you think that all inventions of scientists are worthwhile for humanity? Of course, lots of these inventions are helpful and useful. Also, some of them have created new periods in past. They played a big role for coming modernity. However, there are some inventions that seem very effective but they have brought new problems for humanity and environment. Especially, at the beginning of an invention, people don’t realize that it will become big problem. Nowadays, people are taking notice of this kind of things. Nanotechnology is one of these inventions which are needed to be discussed from point to point. Today, there are some people who believe that nanotechnology is dangerous; however some scientists think that nanotechnology has great benefits because it helps people to invent new things for the future. Nanotechnology is a huge area which gives opportunity for other technologies to create better products. With the benefits of nanotechnology, it will be easy to develop new things. First of all, I want to explain a little bit what nanotechnology is. Nanotechnology is taking up the control of matter on a molecular scale. It deals with very little structures which is 100 times smaller. At this scale, properties of products can be changed, giving one the ability to create new things such as create more precise, cleaner, better, stronger and more durable products. For example, today, there are some kind of battery which is produced with nanotechnlogy, much more durable than before. In addition, in the future, it will be easy to invent new products and machines because nanotechnology will play vital role on manufacturing. According to Angelo (2007), â€Å"Nanotechnology promises to fundamentally change the way materials and devices will be produce in the future† (pp. 256). This can be change the future totally. Nanotechnology has contributed so much to advances in many different areas. Lots of technologies are affected from new developments in nanotechnology because these developments open a new period for others. Medicine is the most important area which is affected from nanotechnology. Today, there are some diseases which have not any treatment and cause lots of death. To illustrate, cancer is one of these diseases. But with the usage of nanotechnology in cancer treatments, scientists found a way to treat people. Also, it looks to be more developments on medicine in the future. Another important area is electronics. Like nanotechnology, electronics is very important area for new developments. Nanotechnology has contributed so much to electronics. According to Miller et al. (2004), Nanotechnology has effect on the electronic tools and systems and it is getting possible to develop on computer processing, memory and data storage and demonstration technology (pp. 24). With the usage of nanotechnology, there are lots of materials which are very small, strong and faster than before. The last important area is textile industry. New developments of nanotechnology also play vital role on this industry. Today, new textile products are more durable to heat, UV ray and chemicals because of the changing the structure of products. In addition, it seems to be more advance in the future.

Importance of Age Discrimination in Employment Regulations

Importance of Age Discrimination in Employment Regulations Abstract This dissertation discusses the rationale for age discrimination legislation, examining both evidence of age discrimination and incentives for employers to discriminate based on age. Questions concerning the justification for and effectiveness of age discrimination legislation are likely to become progressively more significant in light of a rapidly aging population in the United Kingdom, and an often misunderstood and victimized youth. This dissertation presents a summary, critical review, and synthesis of age discrimination legislation. At the outset, it traces out the background of age discrimination and discusses implementation of the new law. It then reviews the existing research on age discrimination in relation to younger and older workers- research which addresses the rationale of legislation, its effectiveness and criticisms. Finally, it looks for answers from the United States and draws a conclusion. In writing this dissertation it was found that empirical tests and certainly commentary on age discrimination were far less numerous, more varied and sometimes less direct than those relating to race or gender discrimination. Neumark believes that there are two reasons for this: research on age discrimination had and continues to have less urgency, because older groups generally do not suffer the sizable pay differences associated with gender and unemployment rate disparities, and; regression-based empirical methods for gender and race are not thought to affect productivity as with age discrimination.[1] Introduction Discrimination: Treatment and Equality Unfair discrimination takes several forms, some more invidious than others. Fortunately, the Framework Directive forbids both direct and indirect forms of discrimination. Direct discrimination arises, for example, where due to the victim’s gender, age, ethnicity, disability or sexual orientation, that individual would not be treated with the same opportunities and benefits as another individual in comparable situations. In other words, direct discrimination is where an individual is treated less favourably on a forbidden ground, such as age, than another person would be treated. Indirect discrimination on the other hand, occurs where a seemingly neutral practice or rule puts individuals of a particular age, for example, at a specific disadvantage compared with other individuals, and where it is not objectively justifiable. On this basis, two central components relating to discrimination emerge: treatment and equality. The treatment component suggests that discrimination is often due to the failure to treat a person as an individual: The point is not always appreciated by those who write about discrimination, perhaps particularly by those writers who lack personal experience of discrimination. To them it is a puzzle that the remedy for discrimination is seen politically as a matter of groups rather than individuals, for in the traditional debates of liberalism, the wrongs of inequality of opportunity, for instance, are wrongs done to individuals and the remedies are equally atomistic. But discrimination has displaced simple injustice in the language of social and political oppression precisely where it transcends the individualism of traditional liberal values and acknowledges that group-related wrongs are in issue †¦ The issues here are often obscured by the valid assertion that discrimination is what it is in virtue of treating someone as a member of a group rather than as an individual. In contrast, in allocative situations the proper thing to do is to allocate by the merit, ability, need, capacity of the individual concerned rather than on the basis of average (or stereotyped) properties of members of that group †¦ In this sense discrimination is the failure to individuate, that is to treat on an individual basis.[2] Nonetheless, it is the principle of equality which underpins anti-discrimination legislation. Bernard Williams propounds the idea that the central ethical basis of discrimination seems to be that even though human beings may be unequal in their skill, intelligence, strength or virtue, ‘it is their common humanity that constitutes their equality.’[3] All of us share common humanity and are entitled to be considered equally on the grounds of individual merit rather than on the grounds of group stereotypes or suppositions. Nowadays, this is not simply a moral idea but it is also an economic and social necessity.[4] Furthermore, the demands of our modern technologically progressive society for a skilled and working population imply that it is not only unfair but economically damaging to discriminate unduly on the grounds of generalisations and stereotypes. This point was expressed succinctly be Andrew Smith MP, the Minister for Employment, Welfare to Work and Equal Opportuni ties: To base employment decisions on pre-conceived ideas about age, rather than on skills and abilities, is to waste the talents of a large part of the population. In ten years time, for example, more than a quarter of the workforce will be aged over fifty. This is a huge resource- for businesses and for the country- which could be wasted unless we tackle the way stereotypes based on age wrongly exclude people from jobs and training. It is a resource that we cannot afford to waste.[5] Age Discrimination The Age Discrimination in Employment regulations, taking effect in 2006 will make discrimination on the grounds of employment unlawful. Currently, however, discrimination on the grounds of age is not unlawful in the United Kingdom, insofar as it does not amount to discrimination on other grounds, for example sex discrimination. In Secretary of State v Rutherford, for example, a man, who was aged 67, was dismissed by his employers on redundancy grounds.[6] Any person older than 65 years, in conjunction with Sections 109 and 156 of the Employment Rights Act is not entitled to redundancy payment. In the Employment Tribunal’s opinion, a higher proportion of males worked beyond retirement age than women, therefore, the legislation was seen to be discriminatory against men. Although the judgement was reversed, the case clearly illustrates the relationship between age and sex. Preceding the 1997 general election, the Labour Party was faithful to age discrimination legislation. However, following the General Election, it was decided that a non-statutory route was more favourable. It was thought that ‘on balance, there was no consensus of opinion on legislation and a strong case for legislation was not made during the consultation.’[7] Thus, following a consultation, the Government introduced the Code of Practice on Age Diversity on Employment in 1999, rather than legislation on age discrimination. This tactic was a failure, as the following survey suggests. A survey was conducted in 2000 on the Code of Practice on Age Diversity in Employment. Of 800 companies interviewed in a Department for Education and Employment survey, only 1% introduced a change as a direct result of the Code of Practice on Age Diversity in Employment and just 4% believed that a future change was likely.[8] Two thirds, 68%, of the respondents believed that a future change linked to the Code was unlikely, with a quarter, 27%, uncertain as to whether they will introduce the change or not. The main reason given for no change was the credence that their company practice and policy already meets the guidelines. The survey intended to cover a cross section of randomly selected employers, with results weighted to imitate the profile of companies in Great Britain. When asked directly about the Code, 29% of companies were aware of the Code, with awareness being notably higher in large companies, where 60% were aware of it. Nonetheless, only a quarter, 23%, who knew of the C ode had actually seen a copy of it. In one survey, 86% of all respondents favoured a statutory approach to age discrimination in employment, compared with 13% preferring a voluntary one.[9] Gender and race discrimination have been the principal focus of researchers studying discrimination and are thus by far the most vociferously debated. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis and understanding of age discrimination is crucial. The simplest definition of age discrimination, which highlights much of the empirical work on race and gender discrimination, is aversion on the part of employers for hiring from precise subgroups of the population, as in the Becker employer discrimination model.[10] Neumark believes that such ‘discriminatory tastes are most easily interpreted as based on animus.’[11] He also states that discrimination may be based on ‘incorrect stereotypes,’ which cause employers to treat employees differently, for instance due to age; a feature which is isolated from productivity or costs.[12] That said, Neumark recognises differential treatment based on age for reasons other than animus or stereotypes, but warns that interpreting whet her such treatment is discriminatory is notoriously complex.[13] The tension lies in distinguishing between differential treatment based on age and factors that happen to be related to age but are not necessarily driven by age related considerations per se. The Government’s consultation document failed to sufficiently define age discrimination; it simply stated: It is hard to define age discrimination succinctly. The consultation made it clear that there can be both direct and indirect forms of age discrimination in employment. The most obvious forms are where people held strong, stereotypical views about a person’s capabilities to do a job or to be developed because of their age.[14] There is an inherent difficulty with arriving at an acceptable definition because the concept of discrimination implies that there is a discrete group who are being discriminated against, yet, in the context of age discrimination, ‘everyone has some age.’[15] In other words, to define age discrimination in terms of discrimination on the basis of age is unacceptable, because it identifies the discrete group as the entire population. The Government’s consultation document does not define these distinct groups but speaks of discrimination as it affects large numbers of workers. As Sargeant notes, the mistake with this approach is that it fails to recognize solutions which might be age specific, for example, the solutions for discrimination against younger workers might be different to the discrimination against older workers.[16] A comparative analysis of age discrimination in the European Community offers the following definition: Direct discrimination: measures targeted at older workers based solely on grounds of age, and no other factors, such as abilities or health. These measures use specific age limits to exclude older workers from, for example, training and employment schemes, or from applying for jobs †¦ Indirect discrimination: measures which are not directly age-specific, but which have disproportionately negative impact on older workers, compared with other age groups. This hidden discrimination usually has the most widespread negative impact on older workers in employment.[17] However, age discrimination does not take place simply in relation to older workers; it also takes place in relation to younger workers also, as the following discussion will demosatrate. Main Body The New Law The age component of the European Employment Framework Directive is to be implemented by the United Kingdom Government in October 2006. Consultation was resolved in October 2003. The Regulations are intended to afford protection for a number of different categories: people who are working (including agency workers and self employed workers); work applicants; people undertaking for or applying for employment training; people undertaking or applying for further education or higher education courses; members, or applicants for membership, of trade unions or a trade or professional bodies. The protection will apply to both direct and indirect discrimination, including victimisation and harassment. The current state of the transposition of the age discrimination provisions vary from member state to member state. Some member states, including the United Kingdom, have utilised a delay in transposition, taking advantage of the provision outlined in Article 18. The United Kingdom government has taken an approach that includes both detailed consultation and active awareness raising; which is welcome. It is also reviewing wider equality issues and has sought a delay to enable it to embark on this work. For this reason, there is considerable uncertainty over the detail of the age legislation because it is not known how the government will implement Article 6 of the Directive Article 1 Equal Treatment and Employment and Occupation Directive, provides that the purpose is to provide a general framework for combating discrimination in relation to a number of grounds including age.[18] The Directive does, however, cover a number of other areas besides age. The Preamble refers to equal treatment and the right to equality before the law and protection against discrimination, as recognised by the UN and ILO declarations. Article 3 informs that Article 1 will apply in relation to conditions such as access to employment, access to vocational training, employment and working conditions and membership of employers’ or workers’ organisations. Article 4 permits the discretion that a difference of treatment may be justified where there is a ‘genuine and determining occupational requirement, provided that the objective is legitimate and the requirement is proportionate.’ Article 6 refers to justifications in differences of treatment due to age. It follows that differences in treatment may be justified if ‘they are objectively and responsibly justified by a legitimate aim including legitimate employment policy, labour market and vocational treatment.’ Examples of such differences were provided as: where there are special conditions for access to employment and training, including dismissal and remuneration for young people, older workers and persons with caring responsibilities in order to promote their integration into the workforce; fixing minimum conditions of age, professional experience or seniority for access to employment or certain advantages that are linked; fixing a maximum age limit for recruitment which is based either on the training requirements of the post, or the need for a reasonable period before retirement. In order to set in context the problem of age discrimination and therefore the benefits of the new legislation, it is necessary to refer to statistical evidence. One in four people in their fifties and sixties report that they have experienced discrimination in work or when applying for a job[19] and one in five people are discouraged from applying for a job due to ageist recruitment advertisements.[20] In addition, almost a million people over fifty who would like to work are not working.[21] The Government estimates that the economy will benefit by over  £1 billion during the first twenty years with the new age legislation.[22] Similar figures are mirrored in an interview of 150 people, where 78% of older workers, who had been victims of ageism, said that the experience continued to stay with them and ‘scar’ their lives.[23] The same survey revealed that 71% found that ageism effected their mental wellbeing, with one in three believing that it had affected their marr iage. The delay in transposition of the Directive, in terms of the United Kingdom government, was taken in order to enable it to conduct consultation and awareness- raising. In this respect, AGE has called upon the member states to establish an independent body with powers to promote awareness and ensure compliance on age. The Directive does not make such a provision but it is undoubtedly important for employers to receive advice and guidance. The United Kingdom government has created an advisory group on the Directive, from a range of stakeholders and a taskforce on the creation of the Equality and Human Rights Commission. These bodies intend to compliment the government’s Age Positive Campaign, to promote positive attitudes amongst employers. BT has welcomed the new legislation, already instigating a proactive approach to employing older workers: A work environment that actively supports all our employees is central to BT’s culture, and equality of opportunity- regardless of gender, race, sexual orientation, disability or age- is championed throughout the company †¦ Encouraging diversity and developing an inclusive culture is vital to our strategy of creating customer-focused business †¦ Promoting diversity and inclusion is for us a way of establishing a meritocracy within the company and is a means of ensuring that we have the right people in the right jobs. In many ways our commitment to diversity and equal opportunities has gone beyond the business case.[24] It has introduced a portfolio of flexible options to support a decade of retirement for its employees and this has seen an increase in its proportion of employees aged over 50 from 13% to 24% in three years.[25] If this is an indication of support by employers about the new legislation, it is to be welcomed.[26] Such rapid and early changes are highly advantageous to employers, since they can gain a comprehensive insight of the laws in advance and are thus more likely to avoid claims of age discrimination and associated costs. Certainly, the United Kingdom, along with other industrialized countries, has a rapidly ageing population. Therefore, age discrimination legislation will become increasingly more important. In 1971, half of the population was aged under 34.1 years,[27] with the median age rising to 38.4 years in 2003.[28] This is owing to declines in both fertility rates and mortality rates, for example, between 1971 and 2003, the number of under-16s fell by 18% while the number of people aged 65 and over rose by 28%.[29] [30] Continued population ageing is inevitable during the first half of this century, since the number of elderly people will rise, as the relatively large numbers of people born after the Second World War and during the 1960s baby boom became older.[31] Indeed, projections suggest that the number of people aged 65 and over will exceed the numbers aged 16 from 2013. [32] Furthermore, the working age population will also fall in size as the baby-boomers move into retirement and since relatively small numbers of people have been born since mid- 1970s.[33] Another report, by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development claimed that if nothing is done soon, standards will fall.[34] This is one demographic argument in favour of the new legislation: there is a need to retain older workers in the workforce, because there will be a reduction in the number of young people entering it. The other demographic argument is to raise the retirement age, so as to stop people becoming an economic burden on a reducing workforce.[35] Never before has age discrimination legislation been so essential! It was reported in Equal Opportunities Review that the Irish Labour Court awarded  £6,000 to a legal secretary, who claimed that she had been discriminated against on the grounds of age.[36] At the time of the hearing, Ireland was the only European country that had protection against age discrimination in its employment legislation. The case represents the first age discrimination case to be decided by a European Court. It therefore presents favourable optimism for enforcing the new legislation.[37] The complainant was employed by a law firm, as a legal secretary for eleven months. The complainant alleged that her dismissal was due to the respondent’s decision to employ a younger person. The dispute was initially based on whether the complainant was a temporary or permanent employee, but she had never been presented with a written contract of employment and the court motioned that, in any case, this was of no value if the reason for her dismissal was based on age. The Court discovered that, prior to the complainant’s dismissal the partners of the firm had decided to redesign the job, which meant being trained to provide a quasi-legal and secretarial service. It emerged that the complainant was not considered for the new job, despite her experience and suitability for the new post. The Court observed that the complainant’s dismissal was arose because the new post had been designed for a younger person and that, the complainant, by reason of her age, did not m eet the prerequisite. It was therefore held that the complainant was discriminated against by reason of her age. The new legislation is welcomed more so when one looks to current policies employed at work on age discrimination. From one report, it emerged that just over half of the employers- 63 out of 122 respondents- had a written policy mentioning age diversity.[38] The remainder of employers did not yet have a policy on age diversity or indeed age discrimination.[39] Where the policies did exist it emerged that age discrimination was just one part of a list of possible grounds of discrimination. An example of such a practice was characteristic of Nottingham Primary Care Trust.[40] Age was included in the equal opportunity policy stating, ‘no employee or job applicant receives less favourable treatment on the grounds of sex, age, race, martial status, disability, religion, sexual orientation, sexual assignment, creed, colour, nationality, ethnic or national origins.’[41] It also emerged from the report that 30% of organisations in the public sector had an age policy, and public sector organisations formed just 23% of the respondents.[42] Just 27% of the respondents adopted the government’s Code of Practice, despite an increasing number, 63%, being aware of it.[43] Furthermore, it was found that just 56% monitored the age profile of their workforce.[44] However, although legislation is an important start, combating discrimination also needs a broader approach. Indeed, the Directive explicitly calls on the member states to consult with stakeholders when transposing the Directive. In addition to legislation, member states should develop initiatives to inform individual workers and employers about their new rights and responsibilities, and to change employer and social attitudes towards age issues. Without this, the Directive will be less effective, as the House of Lords observed: Few employers operate overtly ageist recruitment and retention policies (except in so far as they use fixed retirement ages). Age discrimination is frequently the unconscious outcome of an employer’s more general human resource management policy and procedure †¦ the eradication of unconscious discrimination will require a fundamental cultural change on the part of employers and workers.[45] Failure to acknowledge the new legislation, coupled with its novel influence, could create ‘an explosion of unnecessary tribunal cases,’ according to the CBI.[46] The Employers Forum on Age claims that employers could be exposed to litigation costs for unfair dismissal and discrimination claims of up to  £193 million in the first year of the legislation alone.[47] A survey of 500 firms revealed that two-thirds of firms observed a rise in dubious employment tribunal claims and that companies feared the problem will escalate with the implementation of the new age legislation. Certainly, John Cridland, the CBI deputy director general, remarked: ‘In the current compensation culture, there’s a risk that people will take advantage of legal clarity.’[48] 44% of companies have little confidence in employment tribunals, believing the system to be ineffective.[49] This, of course, has the knock-on effect of costly charges of discrimination claims being brough t by employees. In order to prevent such costly proceedings, United Kingdom businesses should prepare and protect themselves in advance of the age discrimination legislation, just as BT has done. Combating age discrimination is certainly a new concept for many member states, indeed the United Kingdom. There is evidence that a number of governments and social partners do not yet recognize the reality of age discrimination and perceive it as similar to the other grounds of discrimination.[50] Certainly, one powerful criticism is that the Directive takes a negative and retrospective approach to discrimination, in line with other areas of discrimination protection. It appears that the extensive use of the discretionary power within Article 6 of the Directive, seeks to validate differences on the grounds of age as a legitimate criterion for discrimination.[51] The fact that these exceptions were spelled out in the Directive is interesting. Sargeant believes that it is perhaps indicative of the way that age discrimination should be treated differently from other types of discrimination.[52] Sargeant continues: There appears to be an economic or business imperative that suggests that more harm will be done if discrimination does not take place, rather than an imperative that states that age discrimination is wrong and can only be justified in exceptional circumstances. Effectively, widespread discrimination is to be allowed to continue except those forms which are held not to be for the economic good of the business.[53] The lack of understanding on the issue, is highlighted in the prevalent malpractice among member states, for example, age limits in human resource management.[54] In its report on EU Proposals to Combat Discrimination, the House of Lords Select Committee was highly critical of the draft Framework Directive’s failure to tackle discrimination effectively, particularly in relation to Article 6.[55] In the Committee’s opinion, the draft failed: To achieve the Commission’s goals of providing clear limits and certainty in the field of age discrimination. As drafted, there is a strong possibility that it would do more harm than good, effectively legalising age discrimination throughout the Community. There appears to be no coherent pattern in the list of justifications. Equally, it is unclear what ages will be covered, and what comparisons will apply in judging age discrimination. The draft framework Directive will give no protection to the growing proportion of the population which is over the age of retirement. It appears that the determination to tackle age discrimination is not uniformly strong. It is therefore vital that the Action Programme and similar measures should place particular emphasis on building awareness of the issue. At the same time the government should seek to ensure that any exceptions to the principle of equal treatment irrespective of age are clearly defined and justified. There have been minor improvements in the drafting of the Directive, but the substance of the criticisms remain. A wide latitude is given to the member states about the scope and limits of the legislation and there is a concern about the effectiveness of the right in the sanctions for infringement that are ‘effective, proportionate and dissuasive.’[56] Moreover, dilemmas are resulting from an uneven transposition. As stated previously, some member states have asked for a delay in transposition. Whilst the United Kingdom’s reasons may be justified, this undermines the essence of a Directive. A Directive aims to regularize the legal systems of member states, insofar as possible so that the same material conditions are in force throughout. A Directive is binding on the member states as regards the overall objective to be achieved. A recent case suggests why States need to work closely on these issues. Easyjet and British Air Line Pilot’s Association, have reported a complaint that three member states have banned pilots over the age of 60 from their airspace, due to health and safety grounds, despite there being no correlation with any other countries in the European Union. To emphasise this point further, in some Member States, such as Germany, Portugal, and Luxembourg, there has been little or no progress reported in the transposition process.[57] In other member states, such as France, Italy and Austria, there has been technical compliance with the legislative requirements of the Directive but nothing to promote awareness of age discrimination and engagement of stakeholders.[58] Other member states, such as Ireland and Belgium, have widened the scope of the legislation into the field of goods and services, while others, notably the United Kingdom, have asked for a delay.[59] It seems that the Council has missed the opportunity to adopt a single unified Directive, which is not on miscellaneous grounds.[60] On the other hand, the House of Lords have expressed their anxiety in relation to implementing the new legislation in such a short time frame and that the delay is not long enough: We are concerned that the timescale for the implementation of the legislation on age discrimination will allow employers and workers at most two years to revise their procedures and expectations to conform with the new legislation. This is a very short period given the scale of the cultural shift required, and it may impose a part